{
  "verse_id": "4.34",
  "mūla": {
    "devanāgarī": "तद् विद्धि प्रणिपातेन परिप्रश्नेन सेवया | उपदेक्ष्यन्ति ते ज्ञानं ज्ञानिनस् तत्त्व-दर्शिनः",
    "iast": "tad viddhi praṇipātena paripraśnena sevayā | upadekṣyanti te jñānaṃ jñāninas tattva-darśinaḥ",
    "chapter_position": "Chapter 4 (Jñāna-Karma-Sannyāsa-Yoga (The Yoga of Renunciation of Action in Knowledge)), verse 34",
    "speaker": "Krishna",
    "addressed_to": "Arjuna"
  },
  "word_by_word": [
    {
      "surface_form": "tat",
      "lemma": "tad",
      "grammar": "accusative neuter singular noun",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "तत्"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "viddhi",
      "lemma": "√vid",
      "grammar": "present imperative 2nd person singular verb",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [
        {
          "sense": "विजानीहि येन विधिना प्राप्यते इति",
          "school": "advaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "shankara",
            "anandgiri"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "(गीता 2",
          "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "ramanuja"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "प्राप्नुहि",
          "school": "bhakti",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "sridhara"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "लभस्व। आचार्यानभिगम्य तेषां प्रणिपातेन प्रकर्षेण नीचैः पतनं प्रणिपातो दीर्घनमस्कारस्तेन। कोऽहं कथं बद्धोऽस्मि केनोपायेन",
          "school": "advaita-bhakti",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "madhusudan"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "विद्धि"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "praṇipātena",
      "lemma": "praṇipāta",
      "grammar": "instrumental masculine singular noun",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [
        {
          "sense": "प्रकर्षेण नीचैः पतनं प्रणिपातः दीर्घनमस्कारः तेन कथं बन्धः कथं मोक्षः का विद्या का चाविद्या इति परिप्रश्नेन सेवया गुरुश",
          "school": "advaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "shankara"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "कायिकेनामानित्वसाधनेन ततश्च वाचिकेन महदुपसदनं गत्वा प्रणयकृतेन परिप्रश्नेन आन्तरीयेण सेवनेन च",
          "school": "śuddhādvaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "vallabha"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "दण्डवन्नमस्कारेण ततः परिप्रश्नेन कुतोऽयं मम संसारः कथं वा निवर्तत इति प्रश्नेन सेवया शुश्रूषया",
          "school": "bhakti",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "sridhara"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "प्रकर्षेण नीचैः पतनं प्रणिपातो दीर्घनमस्कारस्तेन",
          "school": "advaita-bhakti",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "madhusudan"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "प्रणिपातेन"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "paripraśnena",
      "lemma": "paripraśna",
      "grammar": "instrumental masculine singular noun",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [
        {
          "sense": "सेवया गुरुशुश्रूषया एवमादिना",
          "school": "advaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "shankara"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "आन्तरीयेण सेवनेन च",
          "school": "śuddhādvaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "vallabha"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "कुतोऽयं मम संसारः कथं वा निवर्तत इति प्रश्नेन सेवया शुश्रूषया",
          "school": "bhakti",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "sridhara"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "बहुविषयेण प्रश्नेन",
          "school": "advaita-bhakti",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "madhusudan"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "परिप्रश्नेन"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "sevayā",
      "lemma": "sevā",
      "grammar": "instrumental feminine singular noun",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [
        {
          "sense": "गुरुशुश्रूषया एवमादिना",
          "school": "advaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "shankara"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "शुश्रूषया",
          "school": "bhakti",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "sridhara"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "सर्वभावेन तदनुकूलकारितया",
          "school": "advaita-bhakti",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "madhusudan"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "सेवया"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "upadekṣyanti",
      "lemma": "upa-√diś",
      "grammar": "future indicative 3rd person plural verb",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [
        {
          "sense": "कथयिष्यन्ति ते ज्ञानं यथोक्तविशेषणं ज्ञानिनः",
          "school": "advaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "shankara"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "।आत्मयाथात्म्यविषयसाक्षात्काररूपस्य लक्षणम् आह",
          "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "ramanuja"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "उपदेशेन संपादयिष्यन्ति ते तुभ्यं ज्ञानं परमात्मविषयं साक्षान्मोक्षफलं ज्ञानिनः पदवाक्यन्यायादिमाननिपुणास्तत्त्वदर्शिनः",
          "school": "advaita-bhakti",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "madhusudan"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "उपदेक्ष्यन्ति"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "te",
      "lemma": "tvad",
      "grammar": "dative singular noun",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "ते"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "jñānam",
      "lemma": "jñāna",
      "grammar": "accusative neuter singular noun",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "ज्ञानम्"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "jñāninaḥ",
      "lemma": "jñānin",
      "grammar": "nominative masculine plural noun",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "ज्ञानिनः"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "tattva",
      "lemma": "tattva",
      "grammar": "compound (compound member)",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "तत्त्व"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "darśinaḥ",
      "lemma": "darśin",
      "grammar": "nominative masculine plural noun",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "दर्शिनः"
    }
  ],
  "intertextual_panel": [
    {
      "verse": "13.11",
      "type": "long-distance thematic echo",
      "score": 0.9044,
      "feature_breakdown": {
        "cosine": 0.8444,
        "theme_graph": 2.0,
        "vocative": 0.0,
        "substring": 0.0,
        "lemma_overlap": 9.4756,
        "stem_prefix": 4.0
      }
    },
    {
      "verse": "5.16",
      "type": "cross-chapter thematic parallel",
      "score": 0.9007,
      "feature_breakdown": {
        "cosine": 0.8507,
        "theme_graph": 1.0,
        "vocative": 0.0,
        "substring": 0.0,
        "lemma_overlap": 4.0767,
        "stem_prefix": 4.0
      }
    },
    {
      "verse": "18.20",
      "type": "long-distance thematic echo",
      "score": 0.8898,
      "feature_breakdown": {
        "cosine": 0.8398,
        "theme_graph": 2.0,
        "vocative": 0.0,
        "substring": 0.0,
        "lemma_overlap": 6.1605,
        "stem_prefix": 3.0
      }
    },
    {
      "verse": "13.35",
      "type": "long-distance thematic echo",
      "score": 0.8896,
      "feature_breakdown": {
        "cosine": 0.8396,
        "theme_graph": 1.0,
        "vocative": 0.0,
        "substring": 0.0,
        "lemma_overlap": 6.6743,
        "stem_prefix": 4.0
      }
    },
    {
      "verse": "18.21",
      "type": "long-distance thematic echo",
      "score": 0.8872,
      "feature_breakdown": {
        "cosine": 0.8372,
        "theme_graph": 2.0,
        "vocative": 0.0,
        "substring": 0.0,
        "lemma_overlap": 6.1605,
        "stem_prefix": 3.0
      }
    },
    {
      "verse": "14.6",
      "type": "long-distance thematic echo",
      "score": 0.8858,
      "feature_breakdown": {
        "cosine": 0.8458,
        "theme_graph": 1.0,
        "vocative": 0.0,
        "substring": 0.0,
        "lemma_overlap": 4.0767,
        "stem_prefix": 3.0
      }
    },
    {
      "verse": "9.1",
      "type": "cross-chapter thematic parallel",
      "score": 0.8849,
      "feature_breakdown": {
        "cosine": 0.8449,
        "theme_graph": 1.0,
        "vocative": 0.0,
        "substring": 0.0,
        "lemma_overlap": 4.5905,
        "stem_prefix": 3.0
      }
    },
    {
      "verse": "14.11",
      "type": "long-distance thematic echo",
      "score": 0.8848,
      "feature_breakdown": {
        "cosine": 0.8448,
        "theme_graph": 1.0,
        "vocative": 0.0,
        "substring": 0.0,
        "lemma_overlap": 4.3293,
        "stem_prefix": 3.0
      }
    }
  ],
  "doctrinal_projections": {
    "advaita": {
      "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
      "key_cross_references": [],
      "witness_passages": [
        "shankara_4.34",
        "anandgiri_4.34"
      ],
      "score": 0.5,
      "english_rendering": "Know this jñāna (knowledge) by approaching ācāryas (teachers) with praṇipāta (prostration — full-bodied falling low), by paripraśna (thorough questioning — 'How am I bound? How may I be freed? What is vidyā, what avidyā?'), and by sevā (service to the guru). Teachers who are jñānins (knowers) AND tattva-darśins (seers of reality) — Śaṅkara insists on both qualifiers, for some are learned yet do not see directly — will impart the jñāna that actually liberates. Only knowledge transmitted by a direct seer is kāryakṣama (capable of effecting its result); scholarship without sākṣātkāra (direct realization) cannot complete the work."
    },
    "viśiṣṭādvaita": {
      "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
      "key_cross_references": [],
      "witness_passages": [
        "ramanuja_4.34",
        "vedantadeshika_4.34"
      ],
      "score": 0.5,
      "english_rendering": "The ātma-viṣaya jñāna (knowledge whose object is the self) that Kṛṣṇa began expounding at BG 2.17 — seek that, in proper kāla (season, as karma ripens), through praṇipāta, paripraśna, and sevā directed toward jñānins who have sākṣātkṛta-ātma-svarūpa (directly beheld the self's true nature). Rāmānuja emphasizes that the teachers, perceiving the seeker's āśaya (inner disposition) through the questioning, will then impart jñāna suited to that readiness. The seeker is already practicing karma-yoga as enjoined; this verse marks the moment knowledge becomes vivid and direct."
    },
    "dvaita": {
      "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
      "key_cross_references": [],
      "witness_passages": [
        "madhva_4.34",
        "jayatirtha_4.34"
      ],
      "score": 0.5,
      "english_rendering": "Madhva's bhāṣya on 4.34 is extremely terse — three brief sentences noting that even for a jñānin, moha (delusion) can arise through pratibandha (obstruction), and the prescribed remedy is the guru-upāsanā (approach to the teacher) this verse prescribes. The eternal distinction between jīva (individual soul) and Brahman means knowledge of that distinction must be received, not self-generated; praṇipāta and sevā are thus not mere etiquette but the structural expression of jīva's dependence on Hari's grace mediated through the guru."
    },
    "śuddhādvaita": {
      "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
      "key_cross_references": [],
      "witness_passages": [
        "vallabha_4.34"
      ],
      "score": 0.5,
      "english_rendering": "Vallabha unpacks a threefold sādhana (discipline): first, praṇipāta as kāyika (bodily) practice to cultivate amānitva (freedom from arrogance); second, paripraśna as vācika (verbal) — with prīti (affectionate inquiry) — from one who has approached a mahāpuruṣa (great person); third, antarīya sevā (interior service). Sevā to the mahants (great ones) is itself identified as mukhya sādhana (the primary means), citing the maxim 'mahat-sevayā' — by service to the great. The jñāna the tattva-darśins then impart is prasāda (grace-gift), entirely within Kṛṣṇa's līlā."
    },
    "bhakti": {
      "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
      "key_cross_references": [],
      "witness_passages": [
        "sridhara_4.34"
      ],
      "score": 0.5,
      "english_rendering": "Śrīdhara Svāmī reads this verse as the sādhana for the ātma-jñāna elaborated earlier: 'obtain that jñāna' through praṇipāta (daṇḍavat namaskāra — prostration flat as a staff), then paripraśna — specifically the soteriological question: 'What is the source of my saṃsāra (cyclic existence) and how does it cease?' — and sevā as śuśrūṣā (attentive service). The qualified teachers are doubly certified: śāstrajñas (scripture-competent) AND tattva-darśins (endowed with aparokṣānubhava, direct non-mediated experience). Both qualifications are required."
    },
    "advaita-bhakti": {
      "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
      "key_cross_references": [],
      "witness_passages": [
        "madhusudan_4.34"
      ],
      "score": 0.5,
      "english_rendering": "Madhusūdana frames this verse as the most proximate upāya (means) to that jñāna which is the phala (fruit) of all karma. The seeker must approach ācāryas and through praṇipāta (deep prostration), multi-directional paripraśna ('Who am I? How am I bound? By what means may I be freed?'), and sarvabhāvena sevā (service with one's entire being), stir their readiness to teach. The tattva-darśins — those with actual brahma-sākṣātkāra (direct brahman-realization), not merely paṇḍitas skilled in pramāṇa-śāstra — alone can deliver jñāna that bears mokṣa as its fruit. The plural 'jñāninaḥ' denotes gravity, not a requirement for multiple teachers; one seer suffices."
    }
  },
  "prosodic_information": {
    "meter": "anuṣṭubh",
    "meter_shift_from_previous": false,
    "meter_shift_to_next": false,
    "pragmatic_context": {
      "vocative": "",
      "preceding_question": "",
      "following_response": ""
    }
  },
  "theme_list_memberships": [
    {
      "list": "उपदेक्ष्यन्ति",
      "role": "supporting",
      "other_verses_in_list": [
        "4.39"
      ]
    },
    {
      "list": "ज्ञान",
      "role": "supporting",
      "other_verses_in_list": [
        "1.1",
        "3.1",
        "3.2",
        "3.3",
        "3.26",
        "3.32",
        "3.33",
        "3.39",
        "3.40",
        "3.41",
        "4.6",
        "4.10",
        "4.19",
        "4.21",
        "4.23",
        "4.27",
        "4.28",
        "4.33",
        "4.36",
        "4.37",
        "4.38",
        "4.39",
        "4.41",
        "4.42",
        "5.15",
        "5.16",
        "5.17",
        "6.8",
        "6.46",
        "7.2",
        "7.6",
        "7.15",
        "7.16",
        "7.17",
        "7.18",
        "7.19",
        "7.20",
        "9.1",
        "9.12",
        "9.15",
        "9.24",
        "10.4",
        "10.5",
        "10.11",
        "10.25",
        "10.38",
        "12.12",
        "12.13",
        "12.14",
        "13.2",
        "13.11",
        "13.17",
        "13.18",
        "13.35",
        "14.1",
        "14.2",
        "14.6",
        "14.8",
        "14.9",
        "14.11",
        "14.16",
        "14.17",
        "15.10",
        "15.15",
        "16.1",
        "16.4",
        "16.15",
        "18.18",
        "18.19",
        "18.20",
        "18.21",
        "18.42",
        "18.50",
        "18.63",
        "18.70",
        "18.72"
      ]
    },
    {
      "list": "ज्ञानम्",
      "role": "supporting",
      "other_verses_in_list": [
        "3.39",
        "3.40",
        "3.41",
        "7.2",
        "10.4",
        "10.5",
        "12.12",
        "13.11",
        "14.1",
        "14.2",
        "14.9",
        "14.17",
        "15.15"
      ]
    },
    {
      "list": "ज्ञानिनः",
      "role": "supporting",
      "other_verses_in_list": [
        "3.39"
      ]
    },
    {
      "list": "विद्धि",
      "role": "supporting",
      "other_verses_in_list": [
        "2.17",
        "3.15",
        "3.32",
        "4.13",
        "4.14",
        "4.32",
        "6.2",
        "7.5",
        "7.10",
        "7.12",
        "10.24",
        "10.27",
        "10.41",
        "13.2",
        "13.19",
        "13.26",
        "14.7",
        "14.8",
        "15.12",
        "17.12",
        "18.20",
        "18.21"
      ]
    },
    {
      "list": "सेवया",
      "role": "supporting",
      "other_verses_in_list": [
        "6.20"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "audit_trail": {
    "substrate_version": "v2.6-frozen",
    "fitted_weights": {
      "a": 1.0,
      "b": 0.01,
      "e_v": 0.005,
      "z": 0.2,
      "h": 0.0,
      "th": 0.01
    },
    "corpus_provenance": {
      "mūla": "Belvalkar critical edition (BORI 1947), via Ambuda multi-witness",
      "panel_witnesses": [
        "bg-mula",
        "bg-shankara",
        "bg-ramanuja",
        "bg-madhva",
        "bg-vedantadeshika",
        "bg-vallabha",
        "bg-jayatirtha",
        "bg-anandgiri",
        "bg-sridhara",
        "bg-madhusudan"
      ]
    },
    "extraction_date": "2026-04-21",
    "score_methodology_documented_at": "Paper 1, Section II.B",
    "word_by_word_parser": "ByT5-Sanskrit-multitask (Nehrdich/Hellwig/Keutzer EMNLP 2024)",
    "post_generation_repairs": [
      {
        "date": "2026-05-03",
        "fix": "verb-lemma-misidentification (broader heuristic: prefix-√root canonical for all verb-tagged tokens)",
        "scope": "word_by_word[].lemma",
        "loci": [
          "viddhi: vid -> √vid",
          "upadekṣyanti: upadiś -> upa-√diś"
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "so_what_questions": [
    "All six schools require both intellectual questioning (paripraśna) and embodied submission (praṇipāta) — what does it mean that knowledge cannot be transmitted by intellect alone, and why does the tradition insist on the bodily act?",
    "Śaṅkara and Madhusūdana both distinguish jñānins who are NOT tattva-darśins from those who are: what is the epistemological gap between textual mastery and sākṣātkāra (direct realization), and can it be bridged by effort?",
    "Rāmānuja emphasizes that the teacher reads the seeker's āśaya (inner disposition) — implying the upadeśa (teaching) is individuated. Does this mean there is no single universal formulation of the liberating teaching?",
    "Śrīdhara specifies the exact question the seeker must ask: 'What is my saṃsāra, how does it end?' — Is this verse a protocol for a single transformative encounter, or for an ongoing pedagogical relationship?",
    "Vallabha elevates sevā (service) to mukhya sādhana (primary means), above even the questioning. What does it reveal about the Puṣṭi-mārga epistemology that relational posture outranks intellectual inquiry?",
    "Madhusūdana's gloss 'sarvabhāvena sevā' (service with one's entire being) parallels bhakti's total self-offering. Is this verse ultimately a bhakti verse wearing a jñāna frame?",
    "The verse is addressed to Arjuna, who is already in dialogue with Kṛṣṇa — the supreme tattva-darśin. Is Kṛṣṇa simultaneously enacting the teaching and prescribing it, making this verse self-referential?"
  ],
  "everyday_applications": {
    "advaita": "Before approaching any serious teacher or study group, identify precisely the question you cannot answer about your own bondage — Śaṅkara's 'kathaṃ bandhaḥ kathaṃ mokṣaḥ' test. If you cannot articulate your specific confusion, the praṇipāta is premature. Invest time in genuine paripraśna before seeking the meeting.",
    "viśiṣṭādvaita": "When you sense the karma of a situation has 'ripened' — Rāmānuja's 'vipākānuguṇaṃ kāle' — and a qualified teacher is accessible, make your inner āśaya (aspiration) transparent through honest questioning rather than performing expected piety. The teacher's gift is calibrated to what you actually show them.",
    "dvaita": "Recognize that the understanding you need of your own dependence on Hari's grace cannot be self-constructed by study alone. Approach a guru not to confirm what you already think, but to receive correction of the jīva's persistent tendency toward self-sufficiency — which is itself the moha Madhva names.",
    "śuddhādvaita": "Vallabha's three-part sequence is a daily practice: begin with a physical act of lowering yourself (amānitva — releasing arrogance); then bring one sincere question spoken aloud; then offer one concrete act of service to someone on the path. The sequence done daily is the Puṣṭi-mārga discipline of mahat-sevā.",
    "bhakti": "Identify the precise soteriological question pressing on you right now — Śrīdhara's 'kuto'yaṃ mama saṃsāraḥ' — and write it out. Then find someone with both śāstra-knowledge AND lived experience (aparokṣānubhava) of what you are asking about. The combination of both is the qualification; do not accept one without the other.",
    "advaita-bhakti": "Madhusūdana's 'sarvabhāvena' (with one's entire being) means the approach to a teacher is not transactional. Before a meeting with any wisdom figure, spend time clearing the residue of ego-agenda — the desire to impress, to test, to extract. Arrive as pure receiving capacity. The guru's sākṣātkāra flows only into a vessel that is genuinely open."
  },
  "primary_meaning": "Go to teachers who have not just studied the truth but seen it directly, approaching with full prostration, sincere questioning, and willing service, and they will give you this knowledge."
}