{
  "verse_id": "3.27",
  "mūla": {
    "devanāgarī": "प्रकृतेः क्रियमाणानि गुणैः कर्माणि सर्वशः | अहंकार-विमूढात्मा कर्ताहम् इति मन्यते",
    "iast": "prakṛteḥ kriyamāṇāni guṇaiḥ karmāṇi sarvaśaḥ | ahaṃkāra-vimūḍhātmā kartāham iti manyate",
    "chapter_position": "Chapter 3 (Karma-Yoga (The Yoga of Action)), verse 27",
    "speaker": "Krishna",
    "addressed_to": "Arjuna"
  },
  "word_by_word": [
    {
      "surface_form": "prakṛteḥ",
      "lemma": "prakṛti",
      "grammar": "genitive feminine singular noun",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [
        {
          "sense": "प्रकृतिः प्रधानं सत्त्वरजस्तमसां गुणानां साम्यावस्था तस्याः प्रकृतेः गुणैः विकारैः कार्यकरणरूपैः क्रियमाणानि कर्माणिलौक",
          "school": "advaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "shankara"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "गुणैः सत्त्वादिभिः स्वानुरूपं क्रियमाणानि कर्माणि प्रति अहंकारविमूढात्मा अहं कर्ता इति मन्यते",
          "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "ramanuja",
            "vedantadeshika"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "क्रियमाणानि इति श्लोकद्वयस्यास्फुटत्वात्तात्पर्यमाह विद्वदि ति",
          "school": "dvaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "jayatirtha"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "प्रकृतेः"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "kriyamāṇāni",
      "lemma": "√kṛ",
      "grammar": "accusative neuter plural present participle pass verb",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [
        {
          "sense": "कर्माणिलौकिकानि शास्त्रीयाणि",
          "school": "advaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "shankara"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "कर्माणि प्रति अहंकारविमूढात्मा अहं कर्ता इति मन्यते",
          "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "ramanuja"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "इति श्लोकद्वयस्यास्फुटत्वात्तात्पर्यमाह विद्वदि ति",
          "school": "dvaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "jayatirtha"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "कर्मामि कर्त्ताऽहं पुरुष इति मन्यते विपरीतमतिः",
          "school": "śuddhādvaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "vallabha"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "यानि कर्माणि तान्यहमेव कर्ता करोमीति मन्यसे",
          "school": "bhakti",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "sridhara"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "लौकिकानि वैदिकानि",
          "school": "advaita-bhakti",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "madhusudan"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "क्रियमाणानि"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "guṇaiḥ",
      "lemma": "guṇa",
      "grammar": "instrumental masculine plural noun",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [
        {
          "sense": "विकारैः कार्यकरणरूपैः क्रियमाणानि कर्माणिलौकिकानि शास्त्रीयाणि",
          "school": "advaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "shankara"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "सत्त्वादिभिः स्वानुरूपं क्रियमाणानि कर्माणि प्रति अहंकारविमूढात्मा अहं कर्ता इति मन्यते",
          "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "ramanuja"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "गुणैः"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "karmāṇi",
      "lemma": "karman",
      "grammar": "accusative neuter plural noun",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [
        {
          "sense": "प्रति अहंकारविमूढात्मा अहं कर्ता इति मन्यते",
          "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "ramanuja"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "क्रियन्ते न केवलेनात्मनेति",
          "school": "śuddhādvaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "vallabha"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "तान्यहमेव कर्ता करोमीति मन्यसे",
          "school": "bhakti",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "sridhara"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "सर्वशः सर्वप्रकारैरहंकारेण कार्यकारणसंघातात्मप्रत्ययेन विमूढः स्वरूपविवेकासमर्थ आत्मान्तःकरणं यस्य सोऽहंकारविमूढात्माऽन",
          "school": "advaita-bhakti",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "madhusudan"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "कर्माणि"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "sarvaśas",
      "lemma": "sarvaśas",
      "grammar": "",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "सर्वशस्"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "ahaṃkāra",
      "lemma": "ahaṃkāra",
      "grammar": "compound (compound member)",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "अहंकार"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "vimūḍha",
      "lemma": "vi-√muh",
      "grammar": "compound participle (compound member)",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [
        {
          "sense": "आत्मा यस्य असौ अहंकारविमूढात्मा अहंकारो नाम अनहमर्थे प्रकृतौ अहम् इति अभिमानः तेन अज्ञातात्मस्वरूपो गुणकर्मसु अहं कर्ता",
          "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "ramanuja",
            "vedantadeshika"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "आत्मा बुद्धिर्यस्य सः",
          "school": "bhakti",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "sridhara"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "विमूढ"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "ātmā",
      "lemma": "ātman",
      "grammar": "nominative masculine singular noun",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "आत्मा"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "kartāham",
      "lemma": "√kṛ",
      "grammar": "future indicative peri 1st person singular verb",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "कर्ताहम्"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "iti",
      "lemma": "iti",
      "grammar": "",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "इति"
    },
    {
      "surface_form": "manyate",
      "lemma": "√man",
      "grammar": "present indicative 3rd person singular verb",
      "senses_attested_in_panel": [
        {
          "sense": "।।यः पुनर्विद्वान्",
          "school": "advaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "shankara"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "। अहंकारेण विमूढ आत्मा यस्य असौ अहंकारविमूढात्मा अहंकारो नाम अनहमर्थे प्रकृतौ अहम् इति अभिमानः तेन अज्ञातात्मस्वरूपो गुण",
          "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "ramanuja"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "इति कथमुच्यते इत्यत आह न ही ति",
          "school": "dvaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "jayatirtha"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "विपरीतमतिः",
          "school": "śuddhādvaita",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "vallabha"
          ]
        },
        {
          "sense": "कर्त्रध्यासेन",
          "school": "advaita-bhakti",
          "weight": 0.8,
          "witnesses": [
            "madhusudan"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "theme_lists": [],
      "surface_devanagari": "मन्यते"
    }
  ],
  "intertextual_panel": [
    {
      "verse": "13.29",
      "type": "long-distance thematic echo",
      "score": 0.9483,
      "feature_breakdown": {
        "cosine": 0.8677,
        "theme_graph": 2.0,
        "vocative": 0.0,
        "substring": 0.0532,
        "lemma_overlap": 13.055,
        "stem_prefix": 5.0
      }
    },
    {
      "verse": "3.28",
      "type": "next-verse continuation",
      "score": 0.9324,
      "feature_breakdown": {
        "cosine": 0.8524,
        "theme_graph": 4.0,
        "vocative": 0.0,
        "substring": 0.0,
        "lemma_overlap": 9.047,
        "stem_prefix": 4.0
      }
    },
    {
      "verse": "7.4",
      "type": "cross-chapter thematic parallel",
      "score": 0.9257,
      "feature_breakdown": {
        "cosine": 0.8451,
        "theme_graph": 1.0,
        "vocative": 0.0,
        "substring": 0.0532,
        "lemma_overlap": 12.3412,
        "stem_prefix": 6.0
      }
    },
    {
      "verse": "3.29",
      "type": "near-cluster echo",
      "score": 0.9205,
      "feature_breakdown": {
        "cosine": 0.8581,
        "theme_graph": 0.0,
        "vocative": 0.0,
        "substring": 0.062,
        "lemma_overlap": 10.2682,
        "stem_prefix": 5.0
      }
    },
    {
      "verse": "3.5",
      "type": "lemma-family resonance",
      "score": 0.9205,
      "feature_breakdown": {
        "cosine": 0.8598,
        "theme_graph": 0.0,
        "vocative": 0.0,
        "substring": 0.0532,
        "lemma_overlap": 10.8265,
        "stem_prefix": 5.0
      }
    },
    {
      "verse": "2.43",
      "type": "shared-vocabulary echo",
      "score": 0.9091,
      "feature_breakdown": {
        "cosine": 0.8691,
        "theme_graph": 0.0,
        "vocative": 0.0,
        "substring": 0.0,
        "lemma_overlap": 5.1706,
        "stem_prefix": 4.0
      }
    },
    {
      "verse": "13.20",
      "type": "shared-vocabulary echo",
      "score": 0.9024,
      "feature_breakdown": {
        "cosine": 0.8617,
        "theme_graph": 0.0,
        "vocative": 0.0,
        "substring": 0.0532,
        "lemma_overlap": 5.3291,
        "stem_prefix": 3.0
      }
    },
    {
      "verse": "3.30",
      "type": "thematic-cluster continuation",
      "score": 0.9014,
      "feature_breakdown": {
        "cosine": 0.8614,
        "theme_graph": 2.0,
        "vocative": 0.0,
        "substring": 0.0,
        "lemma_overlap": 2.0388,
        "stem_prefix": 2.0
      }
    }
  ],
  "doctrinal_projections": {
    "advaita": {
      "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
      "key_cross_references": [],
      "witness_passages": [
        "shankara_3.27",
        "anandgiri_3.27"
      ],
      "score": 0.5,
      "english_rendering": "All actions are performed in every manner by the modifications of prakṛti — the instruments of body and mind (kārya-karaṇa) born of the guṇas — while the ātman remains the unchanging witness. The one whose inner organ (antaḥkaraṇa) is thoroughly deluded (vimūḍha) by ahaṅkāra, the false self-identification with the aggregate of instruments, superimposes their activity onto the pure Self and declares 'I am the doer.' Śaṅkara is explicit: this kartṛtva-abhimāna (doer-conceit) is a function of avidyā, not a property of ātman, which is ever akartā (non-agent) — the knower (vidvān) sees through it."
    },
    "viśiṣṭādvaita": {
      "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
      "key_cross_references": [],
      "witness_passages": [
        "ramanuja_3.27",
        "vedantadeshika_3.27"
      ],
      "score": 0.5,
      "english_rendering": "Rāmānuja reads ahaṅkāra not as mere epistemic error but as a specific ontological confusion: taking the self — which is a mode (prakāra) of Bhagavān — to be an independent agent rather than an instrument-body (śarīra) of the Lord. The guṇas of sattva, rajas, and tamas act according to their own nature (svānurūpam) and produce actions; the jīva who has forgotten its śarīra-ātma-bhāva with Īśvara misattributes their output as 'my doing.' Correct knowledge restores the jīva to its proper station as kainkarya (servant-instrument), erasing false kartṛtva without erasing the jīva's real personal agency as a dependent mode."
    },
    "dvaita": {
      "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
      "key_cross_references": [],
      "witness_passages": [
        "madhva_3.27",
        "jayatirtha_3.27"
      ],
      "score": 0.5,
      "english_rendering": "Madhva sharply distinguishes the knowing (vidvān) and non-knowing (avidvān) agents: the indriyādi (senses and their faculties), which are guṇa-manifestations of prakṛti, perform all acts — and because the jīva is a pratibimba (reflection), it cannot independently act (na hi pratibimbasya kriyā). The deluded jīva, tethered to prakṛti, misidentifies with these reflective instruments and claims 'I act,' whereas Hari alone is the supreme kartā behind every motion. Dvaita's polemical point: the jīva's kartṛtva is real but always derivative — to claim primary agency is precisely the vimūḍhatā (confusion) Kṛṣṇa diagnoses."
    },
    "śuddhādvaita": {
      "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
      "key_cross_references": [],
      "witness_passages": [
        "vallabha_3.27"
      ],
      "score": 0.5,
      "english_rendering": "Vallabha reads this verse through Sāṅkhya cosmology as sanctioned by the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad: Puruṣottama himself bifurcated as kartṛ-prakṛti and bhoktṛ-puruṣa, yet the jīva attached to indriya-bound guṇas (indriya-niṣṭhā guṇā viṣaya-guṇeṣu vartante) mistakes itself for the independent agent. The one who knows the vibhāga-tattva (the principle of real distinction between Kṛṣṇa's līlā-will and jīva-activity) does not get entangled — like a lotus leaf untouched by water (puṣkara-palāśa-vat). For Vallabha, erroneously claiming independent kartṛtva is to miss that every action is Kṛṣṇa's prasāda-play, not one's own accomplishment."
    },
    "bhakti": {
      "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
      "key_cross_references": [],
      "witness_passages": [
        "sridhara_3.27"
      ],
      "score": 0.5,
      "english_rendering": "Śrīdhara frames the verse as answering a prior objection: if both the wise and the unwise must perform action, what is the difference? The answer: the unwise person, whose buddhi (antaḥkaraṇa) is deluded (vimūḍha) by ahaṅkāra — meaning superimposition (adhyāsa) of ātman onto the indriyādi — believes 'I myself am the one acting.' The indriya, which are products of prakṛti's guṇas, perform all acts in every respect (sarvaprakāreṇa); the wise person sees this and is free of kartṛtva-abhimāna, while the unwise bind themselves to karma precisely by that false claim."
    },
    "advaita-bhakti": {
      "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
      "key_cross_references": [],
      "witness_passages": [
        "madhusudan_3.27"
      ],
      "score": 0.5,
      "english_rendering": "Madhusūdana identifies prakṛti here as māyā — the pāramaiśvarī śakti composed of sattva-rajas-tamas, the mithyājñāna-ātmikā power of Maheśvara ('māyāṃ tu prakṛtiṃ vidyān māyinaṃ tu maheśvaram'). The kārya-kāraṇa-rūpa modifications of this māyā perform all worldly and Vedic actions entirely (sarvaprakāraiḥ); the ahaṅkāra-vimūḍhātmā is the one whose antaḥkaraṇa cannot discriminate self from non-self (svarūpa-viveka-asamartha), and so superimposes the doership of māyā's instruments onto pure consciousness. For Madhusūdana, the cure is not world-renunciation alone but Kṛṣṇa-bhakti that dissolves the ahaṅkāra-grip from within."
    }
  },
  "prosodic_information": {
    "meter": "anuṣṭubh",
    "meter_shift_from_previous": true,
    "meter_shift_to_next": true,
    "pragmatic_context": {
      "vocative": "",
      "preceding_question": "",
      "following_response": ""
    }
  },
  "theme_list_memberships": [
    {
      "list": "अहंकार",
      "role": "supporting",
      "other_verses_in_list": [
        "7.4",
        "7.5",
        "13.5",
        "16.18"
      ]
    },
    {
      "list": "अहंकारविमूढात्मा",
      "role": "supporting",
      "other_verses_in_list": [
        "3.28"
      ]
    },
    {
      "list": "कर्माणि",
      "role": "supporting",
      "other_verses_in_list": [
        "1.1",
        "2.48",
        "3.26",
        "3.30",
        "4.14",
        "4.27",
        "4.37",
        "4.41",
        "5.10",
        "5.13",
        "5.14",
        "9.9",
        "12.6",
        "12.10",
        "13.29",
        "18.6",
        "18.41",
        "18.57"
      ]
    },
    {
      "list": "मन्यते",
      "role": "supporting",
      "other_verses_in_list": [
        "2.19",
        "5.8",
        "5.9",
        "6.22",
        "18.32"
      ]
    },
    {
      "list": "मन्येत",
      "role": "supporting",
      "other_verses_in_list": [
        "5.8",
        "5.9"
      ]
    },
    {
      "list": "सर्वशः",
      "role": "supporting",
      "other_verses_in_list": [
        "1.18",
        "2.58",
        "2.68",
        "3.23",
        "4.11",
        "10.2",
        "13.29"
      ]
    },
    {
      "list": "स्वयं",
      "role": "supporting",
      "other_verses_in_list": [
        "3.13",
        "3.17",
        "3.19",
        "3.21",
        "3.26",
        "3.28",
        "3.30",
        "3.31",
        "3.35",
        "4.1",
        "4.3",
        "4.38",
        "10.13",
        "12.8",
        "12.14",
        "15.4"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "audit_trail": {
    "substrate_version": "v2.6-frozen",
    "fitted_weights": {
      "a": 1.0,
      "b": 0.01,
      "e_v": 0.005,
      "z": 0.2,
      "h": 0.0,
      "th": 0.01
    },
    "corpus_provenance": {
      "mūla": "Belvalkar critical edition (BORI 1947), via Ambuda multi-witness",
      "panel_witnesses": [
        "bg-mula",
        "bg-shankara",
        "bg-ramanuja",
        "bg-madhva",
        "bg-vedantadeshika",
        "bg-vallabha",
        "bg-jayatirtha",
        "bg-anandgiri",
        "bg-sridhara",
        "bg-madhusudan"
      ]
    },
    "extraction_date": "2026-04-21",
    "score_methodology_documented_at": "Paper 1, Section II.B",
    "word_by_word_parser": "ByT5-Sanskrit-multitask (Nehrdich/Hellwig/Keutzer EMNLP 2024)",
    "post_generation_repairs": [
      {
        "date": "2026-05-03",
        "fix": "verb-lemma-misidentification (broader heuristic: prefix-√root canonical for all verb-tagged tokens)",
        "scope": "word_by_word[].lemma",
        "loci": [
          "kriyamāṇāni: kṛ -> √kṛ",
          "vimūḍha: vimuh -> vi-√muh",
          "kartāham: kṛ -> √kṛ",
          "manyate: man -> √man"
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "so_what_questions": [
    "If the guṇas perform all action and the ātman is akartā (non-agent), what grounds moral responsibility — and does that ground differ between Advaita, Viśiṣṭādvaita, and Dvaita?",
    "Madhva says 'na hi pratibimbasya kriyā' (a reflection cannot act) — does this make jīva freedom illusory, or is there a coherent sense in which a pratibimba-jīva chooses?",
    "Vallabha invokes the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad bifurcation to show Puruṣottama behind kartṛ and bhoktṛ both — how does this resolve the problem of suffering if Kṛṣṇa is also the kartā of wrongdoing?",
    "Śaṅkara and Madhusūdana both call the confusion avidyā (ignorance) / mithyājñāna (false knowledge), yet Śaṅkara's cure is jñāna alone while Madhusūdana adds bhakti — what empirical difference would we expect in a practitioner under each prescription?",
    "The verse says ahaṅkāra-vimūḍhātmā — the self whose ātman is confused by ahaṅkāra. Rāmānuja reads this as forgetting jīva's śarīra-relation to Īśvara. What daily phenomenon does that forgetting correspond to most precisely?",
    "Śrīdhara says the wise and the unwise both act (both must do karma) but differ in kartṛtva-abhimāna alone — is the absence of kartṛtva-abhimāna accessible without prior jñāna, e.g., through pure bhakti or śaraṇāgati?",
    "All six schools agree: guṇas are the actual agents. What does this imply for how we assign credit or blame to a person who produces extraordinary creative or destructive work — and which school gives the most actionable answer?"
  ],
  "everyday_applications": {
    "advaita": "In a high-stakes meeting where you produced a sharp insight, watch the moment 'I figured that out' arises — Śaṅkara's teaching: that claim is ahaṅkāra superimposing itself on the antaḥkaraṇa's spontaneous function. Practice the inquiry: 'Who is the I that claims the knowing?' until the claimant cannot be found.",
    "viśiṣṭādvaita": "Before beginning any project, Rāmānuja's application is a brief conscious dedication: 'This body-mind, as Bhagavān's śarīra (body), is the instrument; the results belong to Him.' This is not resignation but a precise corrective to the ahaṅkāra that forgets jīva's mode-of-Īśvara status — restoring kainkarya posture without collapsing personal engagement.",
    "dvaita": "Madhva's application: when credit or blame arrives, hold the Hari-kartṛtva teaching explicitly — 'the guṇas acted through this pratibimba-jīva.' This is not passivity; the jīva's derivative kartṛtva (real but dependent) still obliges sincere effort. The corrective is refusing to treat success as self-generated while remaining accountable for effort.",
    "śuddhādvaita": "Vallabha's Puṣṭi-mārga application: treat skill, talent, and creative output as Kṛṣṇa's own prasāda-play flowing through the jīva — the lotus-leaf analogy (puṣkara-palāśa-vat) means full engagement with no residue of possessiveness. When a performance goes brilliantly, the practitioner's response is gratitude rather than pride; when it fails, equanimity rather than shame.",
    "bhakti": "Śrīdhara's philological precision yields a practical diagnostic: notice the exact moment when 'the action is being done' (kriyamāṇa — present passive) flips in your mind to 'I am doing it' (kartā aham). That flip is the adhyāsa (superimposition) he identifies. Catching that precise transition — not generally 'reducing ego' — is the concrete daily practice.",
    "advaita-bhakti": "Madhusūdana's synthesis offers a two-stage application for the practitioner who has both a meditation practice and a devotional one: (1) jñāna-sādhana: at the end of each day, identify one instance where māyā's kārya-kāraṇa (the body-mind complex) acted and the antaḥkaraṇa claimed ownership; (2) bhakti-sādhana: bring that instance into Kṛṣṇa's presence through prayer, surrendering the false kartṛtva rather than merely analyzing it intellectually."
  },
  "primary_meaning": "Nature's three qualities do all the work in every action, but the soul tangled in ego mistakes itself for the doer."
}