{ "verse_id": "3.10", "mūla": { "devanāgarī": "सह-यज्ञाः प्रजाः सृष्ट्वा पुरोवाच प्रजापतिः | अनेन प्रसविष्यध्वम् एष वो ऽस्त्व् इष्ट-काम-धुक्", "iast": "saha-yajñāḥ prajāḥ sṛṣṭvā purovāca prajāpatiḥ | anena prasaviṣyadhvam eṣa vo 'stv iṣṭa-kāma-dhuk", "chapter_position": "Chapter 3 (Karma-Yoga (The Yoga of Action)), verse 10", "speaker": "Krishna", "addressed_to": "Arjuna" }, "word_by_word": [ { "surface_form": "saha", "lemma": "saha", "grammar": "", "senses_attested_in_panel": [], "theme_lists": [], "surface_devanagari": "सह" }, { "surface_form": "yajñāḥ", "lemma": "yajña", "grammar": "accusative feminine plural noun", "senses_attested_in_panel": [], "theme_lists": [], "surface_devanagari": "यज्ञाः" }, { "surface_form": "prajāḥ", "lemma": "prajā", "grammar": "accusative feminine plural noun", "senses_attested_in_panel": [ { "sense": "त्रयो वर्णाः ताः सृष्ट्वा उत्पाद्य पुरा पूर्वं सर्गादौ उवाच उक्तवान् प्रजापतिः प्रजानां स्रष्टा अनेन यज्ञेन प्रसविष्यध्", "school": "advaita", "weight": 0.8, "witnesses": [ "shankara" ] }, { "sense": "समीक्ष्य परमकारुणिकः तदुज्जिजीवविषया स्वाराधनभूतयज्ञनिर्वृत्तये यज्ञैः सह ताः सृष्ट्वा एवम् उवाच अनेन यज्ञेन प्रसविष्यध", "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita", "weight": 0.8, "witnesses": [ "ramanuja", "vedantadeshika" ] }, { "sense": "सहयज्ञाः सृष्ट्वोवाच एष यज्ञो व इष्टकामधुनिति", "school": "śuddhādvaita", "weight": 0.8, "witnesses": [ "vallabha" ] }, { "sense": "पुरा सर्गादौ सृष्ट्वा ब्रह्मेदमुवाच", "school": "bhakti", "weight": 0.8, "witnesses": [ "sridhara" ] }, { "sense": "त्रीन्वर्णान् पुरा कल्पादौ सृष्ट्वोवाच प्रजानां पतिः स्रष्टा", "school": "advaita-bhakti", "weight": 0.8, "witnesses": [ "madhusudan" ] } ], "theme_lists": [], "surface_devanagari": "प्रजाः" }, { "surface_form": "sṛṣṭvā", "lemma": "sṛj", "grammar": "conv", "senses_attested_in_panel": [ { "sense": "उत्पाद्य पुरा पूर्वं सर्गादौ उवाच उक्तवान् प्रजापतिः प्रजानां स्रष्टा अनेन यज्ञेन प्रसविष्यध्वं प्रसवः वृद्धिः उत्पत्ति", "school": "advaita", "weight": 0.8, "witnesses": [ "shankara" ] }, { "sense": "एवम् उवाच अनेन यज्ञेन प्रसविष्यध्वम् आत्मनो वृद्धिं कुरुध्वम्", "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita", "weight": 0.8, "witnesses": [ "ramanuja", "vedantadeshika" ] }, { "sense": "ब्रह्मेदमुवाच", "school": "bhakti", "weight": 0.8, "witnesses": [ "sridhara" ] } ], "theme_lists": [], "surface_devanagari": "सृष्ट्वा" }, { "surface_form": "purā", "lemma": "purā", "grammar": "", "senses_attested_in_panel": [], "theme_lists": [], "surface_devanagari": "पुरा" }, { "surface_form": "uvāca", "lemma": "√vac", "grammar": "past indicative 3rd person singular verb", "senses_attested_in_panel": [], "theme_lists": [], "surface_devanagari": "उवाच" }, { "surface_form": "prajāpatiḥ", "lemma": "prajāpati", "grammar": "nominative masculine singular noun", "senses_attested_in_panel": [ { "sense": "प्रजानां स्रष्टा अनेन यज्ञेन प्रसविष्यध्वं प्रसवः वृद्धिः उत्पत्तिः तं कुरुध्वम्", "school": "advaita", "weight": 0.8, "witnesses": [ "shankara" ] }, { "sense": "अनादिकालप्रवृत्ताचित्संसर्गविवशा उपसंहृतनामरूपविभागाः स्वस्मिन् प्रलीनाः सकलपुरुषार्थनर्हाः चेतनेतरकल्पाः प्रजाः समीक्ष", "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita", "weight": 0.8, "witnesses": [ "ramanuja", "vedantadeshika" ] } ], "theme_lists": [], "surface_devanagari": "प्रजापतिः" }, { "surface_form": "anena", "lemma": "idam", "grammar": "instrumental masculine singular noun", "senses_attested_in_panel": [ { "sense": "यज्ञेन प्रसविष्यध्वं प्रसवः वृद्धिः उत्पत्तिः तं कुरुध्वम्", "school": "advaita", "weight": 0.8, "witnesses": [ "shankara" ] }, { "sense": "यज्ञेन प्रसविष्यध्वम् आत्मनो वृद्धिं कुरुध्वम्", "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita", "weight": 0.8, "witnesses": [ "ramanuja", "vedantadeshika" ] }, { "sense": "यज्ञेन विष्ण्वादीन् देवान् भावयत्", "school": "śuddhādvaita", "weight": 0.8, "witnesses": [ "vallabha" ] }, { "sense": "यज्ञेन प्रसविष्यध्वं प्रसूयध्वम्", "school": "bhakti", "weight": 0.8, "witnesses": [ "sridhara" ] } ], "theme_lists": [], "surface_devanagari": "अनेन" }, { "surface_form": "prasaviṣyadhvam", "lemma": "pra-√sū", "grammar": "future cond 2nd person plural verb", "senses_attested_in_panel": [ { "sense": "आत्मनो वृद्धिं कुरुध्वम्", "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita", "weight": 0.8, "witnesses": [ "ramanuja", "vedantadeshika" ] } ], "theme_lists": [], "surface_devanagari": "प्रसविष्यध्वम्" }, { "surface_form": "eṣa", "lemma": "etad", "grammar": "nominative masculine singular noun", "senses_attested_in_panel": [], "theme_lists": [], "surface_devanagari": "एष" }, { "surface_form": "vaḥ", "lemma": "tvad", "grammar": "genitive plural noun", "senses_attested_in_panel": [], "theme_lists": [], "surface_devanagari": "वः" }, { "surface_form": "astu", "lemma": "√as", "grammar": "present imperative 3rd person singular verb", "senses_attested_in_panel": [], "theme_lists": [], "surface_devanagari": "अस्तु" }, { "surface_form": "iṣṭa", "lemma": "√iṣ", "grammar": "compound participle (compound member)", "senses_attested_in_panel": [], "theme_lists": [], "surface_devanagari": "इष्ट" }, { "surface_form": "kāma", "lemma": "kāma", "grammar": "compound (compound member)", "senses_attested_in_panel": [], "theme_lists": [], "surface_devanagari": "काम" }, { "surface_form": "duh", "lemma": "duh", "grammar": "nominative masculine singular noun", "senses_attested_in_panel": [], "theme_lists": [], "surface_devanagari": "दुह्" } ], "intertextual_panel": [ { "verse": "3.11", "type": "next-verse continuation", "score": 0.9544, "feature_breakdown": { "cosine": 0.8244, "theme_graph": 11.0, "vocative": 0.0, "substring": 0.0, "lemma_overlap": 6.1371, "stem_prefix": 2.0 } }, { "verse": "11.39", "type": "long-distance thematic echo", "score": 0.8769, "feature_breakdown": { "cosine": 0.8169, "theme_graph": 3.0, "vocative": 0.0, "substring": 0.0, "lemma_overlap": 11.0773, "stem_prefix": 3.0 } }, { "verse": "3.24", "type": "cross-chapter thematic parallel", "score": 0.8763, "feature_breakdown": { "cosine": 0.8363, "theme_graph": 2.0, "vocative": 0.0, "substring": 0.0, "lemma_overlap": 7.7057, "stem_prefix": 2.0 } }, { "verse": "16.8", "type": "shared-vocabulary echo", "score": 0.8758, "feature_breakdown": { "cosine": 0.8358, "theme_graph": 0.0, "vocative": 0.0, "substring": 0.0, "lemma_overlap": 7.2298, "stem_prefix": 4.0 } }, { "verse": "18.2", "type": "thematic-similarity", "score": 0.8734, "feature_breakdown": { "cosine": 0.8434, "theme_graph": 0.0, "vocative": 0.0, "substring": 0.0, "lemma_overlap": 2.5984, "stem_prefix": 3.0 } }, { "verse": "17.13", "type": "shared-vocabulary echo", "score": 0.8681, "feature_breakdown": { "cosine": 0.8381, "theme_graph": 0.0, "vocative": 0.0, "substring": 0.0, "lemma_overlap": 6.8455, "stem_prefix": 3.0 } }, { "verse": "15.2", "type": "thematic-similarity", "score": 0.8662, "feature_breakdown": { "cosine": 0.8462, "theme_graph": 0.0, "vocative": 0.0, "substring": 0.0, "lemma_overlap": 0.0, "stem_prefix": 2.0 } }, { "verse": "13.20", "type": "thematic-similarity", "score": 0.866, "feature_breakdown": { "cosine": 0.836, "theme_graph": 0.0, "vocative": 0.0, "substring": 0.0, "lemma_overlap": 2.2322, "stem_prefix": 3.0 } } ], "doctrinal_projections": { "advaita": { "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)", "key_cross_references": [], "witness_passages": [ "shankara_3.10", "anandgiri_3.10" ], "score": 0.5, "english_rendering": "In the beginning of creation (sarga), Prajāpati fashioned the three varṇas together with sacrifice (yajña) as their prescribed activity, commanding: 'Thrive and multiply through this yajña.' The yajña is not optional embellishment — it is the very mechanism of cosmic increase (prasava, 'sprouting forth'). Śaṅkara reads iṣṭa-kāma-dhuk ('milch-cow of desired ends') as an accommodative concession to the adhikārin still bound by fruit: nityakarma performed without fruit-desire is what purifies the antaḥkaraṇa (inner instrument) and prepares the ground for jñāna.", "divergence_note": "Śaṅkara's bhāṣya explicitly: 'prasava = vṛddhi = utpatti' — increase, flourishing; and 'iṣṭān abhipretān kāmān phalavīśeṣān dogdhi iti iṣṭakāmadhuk' — the yajña yields specific desired fruit-varieties, but the deeper teaching is niṣkāma-karma as prerequisite to liberation." }, "viśiṣṭādvaita": { "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)", "key_cross_references": [], "witness_passages": [ "ramanuja_3.10", "vedantadeshika_3.10" ], "score": 0.5, "english_rendering": "Prajāpati here is no secondary deity but the supreme Nārāyaṇa himself — 'patiṃ viśvasya ātmeśvaram' (Taittirīya Nārāyaṇa 11.3). Out of supreme compassion (parama-kāruṇika), seeing beings dissolved into him at pralaya without name, form, or capacity for puruṣārtha, he re-creates them together with yajña as the means of his own ārādhana (worship). 'Thrive through this sacrifice' means: achieve ātma-vṛddhi — growth of the self — through worshipping Bhagavān, which alone culminates in mokṣa, the iṣṭa-kāma of all kāmas.", "divergence_note": "Rāmānuja's bhāṣya: 'paramapuruṣārthalakṣaṇamokṣākhyasya kāmasya tadanuguṇānāṃ ca kāmānāṃ prapūrayitā bhavatu' — this yajña fulfils mokṣa, the supreme puruṣārtha, and all subordinate desires aligned with it." }, "dvaita": { "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)", "key_cross_references": [], "witness_passages": [ "madhva_3.10", "jayatirtha_3.10" ], "score": 0.5, "english_rendering": "Madhva treats verses 3.10–11 together as an arthavāda — a laudatory passage reinforcing the obligatory nature of action. The jīva is eternally and categorically distinct from Hari (bheda is never dissolved); therefore the jīva's proper station is dependent action as worship of Hari. Prajāpati's primordial command to sacrifice establishes that karma is not man's invention but Hari's sovereign ordinance — to perform it is to act within one's constitutionally subordinate nature; to abandon it is ontological rebellion.", "divergence_note": "Madhva's bhāṣya is extremely terse here: 'atrārthavādam āha saha-yajñā iti' — he flags the verses as arthavāda (eulogistic injunction), signaling that their function is motivational reinforcement of an already-established duty, not doctrinal exposition." }, "śuddhādvaita": { "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)", "key_cross_references": [], "witness_passages": [ "vallabha_3.10" ], "score": 0.5, "english_rendering": "Brahman (the creator identified here with Kṛṣṇa's own power) created yajña-qualified beings — brāhmaṇas and others — together with their sacrificial duty, and declared: 'This yajña is your iṣṭa-kāma-dhuk.' This is not praise of kāmya-karma (desire-driven rites); the 'milch-cow' image signals that yajña as niyata-karma (prescribed duty) is the single vehicle for all puruṣārthas, culminating in mokṣa. Vallabha adds: 'worship Viṣṇu through this yajña — then you will attain the highest and ultimate good (paraṃ śreyas).'", "divergence_note": "Vallabha's bhāṣya: 'na ceiyaṃ kāmyakarmapraśaṃsā... sarvapuruṣārthahetutvamuktaṃ bhavati' — it is not praise of desire-motivated action but declaration of the universal puruṣārtha-producing power of niyata-karma; 'tad evāha devān iti — anena yajñena viṣṇvādīn devān bhāvayat.'" }, "bhakti": { "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)", "key_cross_references": [], "witness_passages": [ "sridhara_3.10" ], "score": 0.5, "english_rendering": "Prajāpati's primordial command establishes that the karma-kartā (the one who acts) is superior — even by Prajāpati's own testimony — to the karma-saṃnyāsī (renouncer of action) who has not yet attained the level of jñāna that makes renunciation legitimate. Yajña here is a marker (upalakṣaṇa) for all āvaśyaka-karma (obligatory duty); the 'desired fruits' are an incidental accompaniment, not the purpose — just as shade and fragrance arise under a mango tree planted for fruit but are not the goal.", "divergence_note": "Śrīdhara: 'yajñagrahaṇam āvaśyakakarmopaloakṣaṇārtham' — the word yajña stands for all obligatory action; and 'akāraṇe pratyavāyasya agre kathana' — the penalty for non-performance will be stated later, confirming obligatory rather than optional force." }, "advaita-bhakti": { "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)", "key_cross_references": [], "witness_passages": [ "madhusudan_3.10" ], "score": 0.5, "english_rendering": "Like Śrīdhara, Madhusūdana reads yajña as upalakṣaṇa for all āvaśyaka-karma, but he adds a precise doctrinal clarification: even nityakarma (perpetual obligatory rites) yields incidental (ānuṣaṅgika) fruit by the nature of the action itself, though the agent need not intend that fruit. He cites Āpastamba: 'just as a mango tree planted for fruit also gives shade and fragrance, so dharma practised rightly yields wealth as a by-product — but its non-arising is no failure of dharma.' This distinguishes kāmya (fruit-intended) from nitya (perpetual) karma by intentionality alone, not by presence or absence of fruit.", "divergence_note": "Madhusūdana: 'nityakarmaṇām apy ānuṣaṅgikaphala-sadbhāvāt... eṣa vo'stv iṣṭakāmadhuk ity upapadyate' — the iṣṭa-kāma-dhuk characterization is valid for nityakarma precisely because incidental fruit arises naturally; and Āpastamba citation on ānuṣaṅgika-phala (incidental fruit)." } }, "prosodic_information": { "meter": "anuṣṭubh", "meter_shift_from_previous": true, "meter_shift_to_next": true, "pragmatic_context": { "vocative": "", "preceding_question": "", "following_response": "" } }, "theme_list_memberships": [ { "list": "इष्टकाम", "role": "supporting", "other_verses_in_list": [ "3.11" ] }, { "list": "पुरातनः", "role": "supporting", "other_verses_in_list": [ "3.11", "4.3" ] }, { "list": "प्रजा", "role": "supporting", "other_verses_in_list": [ "1.1", "3.24", "10.6", "11.31", "11.39", "18.31" ] }, { "list": "प्रजाः", "role": "supporting", "other_verses_in_list": [ "3.11", "3.24", "10.6" ] }, { "list": "प्रजापति", "role": "supporting", "other_verses_in_list": [ "3.11", "11.39" ] }, { "list": "प्रजापतिः", "role": "supporting", "other_verses_in_list": [ "11.39" ] }, { "list": "यज्ञाः", "role": "supporting", "other_verses_in_list": [ "4.28" ] } ], "audit_trail": { "substrate_version": "v2.6-frozen", "fitted_weights": { "a": 1.0, "b": 0.01, "e_v": 0.005, "z": 0.2, "h": 0.0, "th": 0.01 }, "corpus_provenance": { "mūla": "Belvalkar critical edition (BORI 1947), via Ambuda multi-witness", "panel_witnesses": [ "bg-mula", "bg-shankara", "bg-ramanuja", "bg-madhva", "bg-vedantadeshika", "bg-vallabha", "bg-jayatirtha", "bg-anandgiri", "bg-sridhara", "bg-madhusudan" ] }, "extraction_date": "2026-04-21", "score_methodology_documented_at": "Paper 1, Section II.B", "word_by_word_parser": "ByT5-Sanskrit-multitask (Nehrdich/Hellwig/Keutzer EMNLP 2024)", "post_generation_repairs": [ { "date": "2026-05-03", "fix": "verb-lemma-misidentification (broader heuristic: prefix-√root canonical for all verb-tagged tokens)", "scope": "word_by_word[].lemma", "loci": [ "uvāca: vac -> √vac", "prasaviṣyadhvam: prasū -> pra-√sū", "astu: as -> √as", "iṣṭa: iṣ -> √iṣ" ] } ] }, "so_what_questions": [ "If Prajāpati ordained yajña at creation as the universal mechanism of thriving, does every act of reciprocal exchange — taxation, gift, trade, ritual — participate in a cosmic economy rather than being merely human convention?", "All six commentators agree that yajña here stands for obligatory duty in general: what makes an action 'obligatory' — its social assignment, its inner necessity, or Bhagavān's prior command? And who decides when that assignment changes?", "Śaṅkara treats iṣṭa-kāma-dhuk as a concession to the fruit-desiring adhikārin, while Madhusūdana argues even nityakarma naturally produces incidental fruit — is there actually a difference between the two positions in practice, or only in rhetorical framing?", "Rāmānuja's Prajāpati is Nārāyaṇa himself acting out of karuṇā (compassion) for beings dissolved in pralaya — how does the motive of the creator affect the obligatory status of the created creature's action? If compassion created the duty, does compassion also limit it?", "Madhva collapses the verse to arthavāda (motivational praise) in two words — is that reduction philosophically defensible, or does it foreclose the metaphysical density Rāmānuja and Madhusūdana excavate? When is terse enough too terse?", "Prasava means both 'birth' and 'increase' — is Prajāpati's command a one-time creation event or an ongoing instruction? Does yajña sustain existence continuously, or merely initiate it?", "If iṣṭa-kāma-dhuk (the wish-fulfilling cow) is the stated reward and mokṣa is only implied by some schools: what kind of practitioner needs the promise of desired ends to begin practicing, and is there a developmental arc where that motivation becomes unnecessary?" ], "everyday_applications": { "advaita": "Before performing any routine obligation — filing taxes, cooking a meal, meeting a deadline — pause for one breath and mentally release the result. The act is Prajāpati's ordinance, not your invention; the fruit belongs to the field, not to you. This is not indifference but precision: the antaḥkaraṇa (inner instrument) stays clean for the inquiry that follows work.", "viśiṣṭādvaita": "Treat your daily occupation as kainkarya (service) offered to Bhagavān: before beginning any task, explicitly dedicate it to Nārāyaṇa. The dedication does not change the task's external form — the report still gets written, the patient still gets treated — but it transforms the interior relationship to outcome from grasping to offering, which Rāmānuja identifies as the seed of bhakti-yoga.", "dvaita": "When tempted to abandon a duty because it seems futile or unrewarding, remember that the duty was not self-assigned — it was ordained by Hari at creation. Performing it is an act of ontological alignment with one's nature as a dependent jīva; skipping it is not liberation but confusion about what kind of being you are. Show up fully to what is assigned.", "śuddhādvaita": "Every vocation — teaching, healing, building, parenting — contains within it a complete path to the highest good (paraṃ śreyas), provided it is performed with full energy and offered to Kṛṣṇa. Do not wait for a separate spiritual practice to begin after work ends. The desk, the kitchen, the workshop floor: these are the yajña-kunda (fire-altar) of Puṣṭi-mārga.", "bhakti": "Distinguish between what you are obligated to do (āvaśyaka-karma) and what you merely want to do (kāmya-karma). Śrīdhara's practical teaching: build your day around the irreducible obligations first — those are your yajña. The 'desired fruits' will arise incidentally, like shade from a tree you planted for its fruit; engineering them directly is the lesser use of your energy.", "advaita-bhakti": "When good things arrive as by-products of doing your duty well — recognition, money, connection — receive them as Āpastamba's shade-and-fragrance, not as proof that you calculated correctly. Madhusūdana's distinction is actionable: notice whether you are adjusting your behavior to maximize incidental fruit (that is kāmya-karma by another name) or continuing with the prescribed action regardless (that is nityakarma). The difference is interior, invisible to observers, and entirely yours to maintain." }, "primary_meaning": "In the beginning, the Lord of Creatures brought forth humanity together with sacrifice and said: \"Grow and thrive through this, for it is your wish-granting cow." }