{
 "verse_id": "17.4",
 "mūla": {
  "devanāgarī": "यजन्ते सात्त्विका देवान् यक्ष-रक्षांसि राजसाः | प्रेतान् भूत-गणांश् चान्ये यजन्ते तामसा जनाः",
  "iast": "yajante sāttvikā devān yakṣa-rakṣāṃsi rājasāḥ | pretān bhūta-gaṇāṃś cānye yajante tāmasā janāḥ",
  "chapter_position": "Chapter 17 (Śraddhātraya-Vibhāga-Yoga (The Yoga of Distinction of Threefold Faith)), verse 4",
  "speaker": "Krishna",
  "addressed_to": "Arjuna"
 },
 "word_by_word": [
  {
   "surface_form": "yajante",
   "lemma": "√yaj",
   "grammar": "present indicative 3rd person plural verb",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": "पूजयन्ति सात्त्विकाः सत्त्वनिष्ठाः देवान्, यक्षरक्षांसि राजसाः, प्रेतान् भूतगणांश्च सप्तमातृकादींश्च अन्ये यजन्ते तामसा",
     "school": "advaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "shankara"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "। दुःखासंभिन्नोत्कृष्टसुखहेतुभूतदेवयागविषया श्रद्धा सात्त्विकी इति उक्तं भवति। राजसा जना यक्षरक्षांसि यजन्ते। अन्ये तामस",
     "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "ramanuja"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "सात्विकाः इत्यप्रस्तुतं चोच्यत इत्यत आह -- क इति",
     "school": "dvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "jayatirtha"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "पूजयन्ति",
     "school": "bhakti",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "sridhara"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "तेऽन्ये सात्त्विका ज्ञेयाः",
     "school": "advaita-bhakti",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "madhusudan"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "यजन्ते"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "sāttvikāḥ",
   "lemma": "sāttvika",
   "grammar": "nominative masculine plural noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "सात्त्विकाः"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "devān",
   "lemma": "deva",
   "grammar": "accusative masculine plural noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": ", यक्षरक्षांसि राजसाः, प्रेतान् भूतगणांश्च सप्तमातृकादींश्च अन्ये यजन्ते तामसाः जनाः",
     "school": "advaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "shankara"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "यजन्ते",
     "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "ramanuja"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "रुद्रादीन् सात्त्विकान् यजन्ते तेऽन्ये सात्त्विका ज्ञेयाः",
     "school": "advaita-bhakti",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "madhusudan"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "देवान्"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "yakṣa",
   "lemma": "yakṣa",
   "grammar": "compound (compound member)",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "यक्ष"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "rakṣāṃsi",
   "lemma": "rakṣas",
   "grammar": "accusative neuter plural noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": "नैः तादयः, स्वधर्मात्प्रच्युता विप्रादयो देहपातादूर्ध्वं वायुदेहमापन्नाः प्रेताः",
     "school": "advaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "anandgiri"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "च राक्षसान्निः ऋतिप्रभृतीन् राजसान्यजन्ते तेऽन्ये राजसा ज्ञेयाः",
     "school": "advaita-bhakti",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "madhusudan"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "रक्षांसि"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "rājasāḥ",
   "lemma": "rājasa",
   "grammar": "nominative masculine plural noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": ", प्रेतान् भूतगणांश्च सप्तमातृकादींश्च अन्ये यजन्ते तामसाः जनाः",
     "school": "advaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "shankara"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "राजसाः"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "pretān",
   "lemma": "preta",
   "grammar": "accusative masculine plural noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": "भूतगणांश्च सप्तमातृकादींश्च अन्ये यजन्ते तामसाः जनाः",
     "school": "advaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "shankara"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "भूतगणान् यजन्ते",
     "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "ramanuja"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "विप्रादयः स्वधर्मात्प्रच्युता देहपातादूर्ध्वं वायवीयं देहमापन्ना उल्कामुखकटपूतनादिसंज्ञाः प्रेता भवन्तीति मनूक्तान्पिशा",
     "school": "advaita-bhakti",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "madhusudan"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "प्रेतान्"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "bhūta",
   "lemma": "bhūta",
   "grammar": "compound (compound member)",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "भूत"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "gaṇān",
   "lemma": "gaṇa",
   "grammar": "accusative masculine plural noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "गणान्"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "ca",
   "lemma": "ca",
   "grammar": "",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "च"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "anye",
   "lemma": "anya",
   "grammar": "nominative masculine plural noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "अन्ये"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "yajante",
   "lemma": "√yaj",
   "grammar": "present indicative 3rd person plural verb",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": "पूजयन्ति सात्त्विकाः सत्त्वनिष्ठाः देवान्, यक्षरक्षांसि राजसाः, प्रेतान् भूतगणांश्च सप्तमातृकादींश्च अन्ये यजन्ते तामसा",
     "school": "advaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "shankara"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "। दुःखासंभिन्नोत्कृष्टसुखहेतुभूतदेवयागविषया श्रद्धा सात्त्विकी इति उक्तं भवति। राजसा जना यक्षरक्षांसि यजन्ते। अन्ये तामस",
     "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "ramanuja"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "सात्विकाः इत्यप्रस्तुतं चोच्यत इत्यत आह -- क इति",
     "school": "dvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "jayatirtha"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "पूजयन्ति",
     "school": "bhakti",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "sridhara"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "तेऽन्ये सात्त्विका ज्ञेयाः",
     "school": "advaita-bhakti",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "madhusudan"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "यजन्ते"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "tāmasāḥ",
   "lemma": "tāmasa",
   "grammar": "nominative masculine plural noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "तामसाः"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "janāḥ",
   "lemma": "jana",
   "grammar": "nominative masculine plural noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": "।।एवं कार्यतो निर्णीताः सत्त्वादिनिष्ठाः शास्त्रविध्युत्सर्गे। तत्र कश्चिदेव सहस्रेषु देवपूजादिपरः सत्त्वनिष्ठो भवति, ब",
     "school": "advaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "shankara"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "प्रेतान् भूतगणान् यजन्ते",
     "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "ramanuja"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "सत्त्वप्रकृतीन्देवानेव यजन्ते पूजयन्ति",
     "school": "bhakti",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "sridhara"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "शास्त्रीयविवेकहीनाः ये स्वाभाविक्या श्रद्धया देवान् रुद्रादीन् सात्त्विकान् यजन्ते तेऽन्ये सात्त्विका ज्ञेयाः",
     "school": "advaita-bhakti",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "madhusudan"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "जनाः"
  }
 ],
 "intertextual_panel": [
  {
   "verse": "17.2",
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   "verse": "18.31",
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 ],
 "doctrinal_projections": {
  "advaita": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "shankara_17.4",
    "anandgiri_17.4"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "english_rendering": "Those established in sattva (purity) worship the devas (luminous cosmic powers); those driven by rajas (passion) worship yakshas (wealth-spirits) and rakshasas (demonic forces); while yet others, the tamas-bound (darkness-bound), worship pretas (spirits of the dead) and bhuta-ganas (troops of elemental beings) such as the saptamatrikas. Sankara notes that only a rare one among thousands attains sattva-nistha (establishment in purity) oriented toward deva-puja (worship of the luminous); the great majority of creatures remain locked in rajo-nistha (passion-establishment) or tamo-nistha (darkness-establishment). This threefold natural sorting reveals that sraddha (faith) is not free-floating sentiment but a traceable index of one's gunic constitution.",
   "divergence_note": "Sankara: 'sattvanisthah devan... rajonishthas tamonishthas ca praninam bahulye' — the commentator explicitly identifies sattva-nistha as the scarce condition and rajas/tamas as the dominant mass."
  },
  "viśiṣṭādvaita": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "ramanuja_17.4",
    "vedantadeshika_17.4"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "english_rendering": "Those whose sraddha is saturated with sattva-guna worship the devas, whose worship produces exalted joy unmixed with suffering; those of rajasic sraddha worship yakshas and rakshasas, whose worship yields only joy intermingled with pain; the tamasic worship pretas and bhuta-ganas, whose worship produces near-pure suffering with the barest sliver of pleasure. Ramanuja makes the quality of the fruit a diagnostic of the quality of the sraddha — and then sharpens the cut: even within sastriya (scripture-sanctioned) worship the guna determines the fruit, but in asastriya worship performed contrary to Bhagavan's own teaching there is no happiness whatsoever, only anartha (harm). The implication is that genuine kainkarya (service-devotion) to Bhagavan alone transcends this three-tiered structure entirely.",
   "divergence_note": "Ramanuja: 'duhkhasamhinnotthrsta-sukhahetu-bhuta-devayaga-vishaya sraddha sattviki... madanusasanaviparitatvena na kascid api sukhalavah' — fruit-quality as gunic index, and the explicit condemnation of contra-Bhagavan worship."
  },
  "dvaita": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "madhva_17.4",
    "jayatirtha_17.4"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "english_rendering": "Madhva introduces this verse as a distinguishing analysis: one whose sraddha is sattvic worships the devas, who are themselves hierarchically ordered servants of Hari (Vishnu); rajasic beings worship yakshas and rakshasas; tamasic beings worship pretas and bhutas. For Madhva the critical thrust is hierarchical ontology — the jiva (individual soul) is eternally dependent, and the entity worshipped reflects the jiva's own grade of dependence-acknowledgment. To worship lesser beings is not merely spiritually inferior but ontologically erroneous, a misapprehension of Hari's sovereign lordship (aisvaryam) over all beings including the devatas.",
   "divergence_note": "Madhva: 'kah sattvikasraddhah ityadi vibhajya' — the commentary treats this verse as a systematic differentiation exercise rooted in the sattvik/rajasik/tamasik sraddha analysis of the preceding verse."
  },
  "śuddhādvaita": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "vallabha_17.4"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "english_rendering": "Vallabha reads this verse through Bhagavata Purana (1.2.27): those of rajas-tamas constitution worship beings of like constitution — this is the pramanika (evidenced) pattern. The sattvic worship sattvik devas, but even this remains within the guna-domain and below the threshold of Krsna-bhakti proper. Vallabha's distinctive move is the citation of Bhagavata: 'rajastamah-prakrtayah samasilan bhajanti va' — those of rajas-tamas nature serve those of like nature. The verse thus triple-describes the asastriya (extra-scriptural) worshippers who have abandoned sastra-vidhi (scriptural injunction) and sorted themselves into the daiva-asura spectrum without reaching the pure grace-channel of Pustimarga.",
   "divergence_note": "Vallabha: 'sastrividhim utsrjya tridha yajanto daiva asurasca uktah' — the Bhagavata citation and the explicit asastriya frame are Vallabha's own contribution to the verse."
  },
  "bhakti": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "sridhara_17.4"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "english_rendering": "Sridhara Svami reads the verse as a systematic charting of the three-guna types through their natural worship tendencies: the sattvic naturally gravitate to the devas, the rajasic to yakshas and rakshasas, the tamasic to pretas and bhuta-ganas. The key hermeneutic he supplies is bidirectional — one can infer the guna of the worshipper from their deity-preference, and can infer the preferred deity from the guna. This makes deva-puja a reliable spiritual index: knowing a person's upasana (mode of worship) reveals their prakrti (innate constitution). The tone is non-polemic; the verse is diagnostic, not condemnatory.",
   "divergence_note": "Sridhara: 'tattad-devatanam tu pujare-cubhis tattat-pujakanam sattvikatvadi jnatavyam ityarthah' — the bidirectional inference between guna and deity-preference is Sridhara's explicit gloss."
  },
  "advaita-bhakti": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "madhusudan_17.4"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "english_rendering": "Madhusudana Sarasvati frames this verse as the epistemological answer to a prior question: how is one's sraddha to be known? It is known by inference from the linga (mark) of one's worship-activity, just as fire is inferred from smoke. The sattvic worship Rudra and other sattvik devas; the rajasic worship Kubera and other yakshas, along with rakshasas such as Nirriti; the tamasic worship pretas — those fallen brahmanas and others who at death have assumed airy bodies and taken names like Ulkamukha and Kataputa — and the saptamatrikas and similar bhuta-troops. Madhusudana adds that the word 'anye' (others) in all three clauses signals vailaksanya (distinctness) among the three types, preserving the verse's diagnostic precision. Underlying this analysis is the Advaita-bhakti insight that sraddha, once identified through its guna-linga, can be elevated toward Krsna through viveka (discrimination) and devotion.",
   "divergence_note": "Madhusudana: 'devapujadi-karya-lingenaanumeyety aha... anye iti padam trisv api vailaksanya-dyotanartham sambadhyate' — the linga-inference epistemology and the anye-vailaksanya reading are his distinctive contributions."
  },
  "visistadvaita": {
   "score": 0.5
  },
  "suddhAdvaita": {
   "score": 0.5
  }
 },
 "prosodic_information": {
  "meter": "anuṣṭubh",
  "meter_shift_from_previous": false,
  "meter_shift_to_next": false,
  "pragmatic_context": {
   "vocative": "",
   "preceding_question": "",
   "following_response": ""
  }
 },
 "theme_list_memberships": [
  {
   "list": "सात्त्विक",
   "role": "supporting",
   "other_verses_in_list": [
    "7.12",
    "12.11",
    "14.16",
    "17.2",
    "17.8",
    "17.11",
    "17.17",
    "17.20",
    "18.9",
    "18.20",
    "18.23",
    "18.26",
    "18.30",
    "18.33",
    "18.37"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "audit_trail": {
  "substrate_version": "v2.6-frozen",
  "fitted_weights": {
   "a": 1.0,
   "b": 0.01,
   "e_v": 0.005,
   "z": 0.2,
   "h": 0.0,
   "th": 0.01
  },
  "corpus_provenance": {
   "mūla": "Belvalkar critical edition (BORI 1947), via Ambuda multi-witness",
   "panel_witnesses": [
    "bg-mula",
    "bg-shankara",
    "bg-ramanuja",
    "bg-madhva",
    "bg-vedantadeshika",
    "bg-vallabha",
    "bg-jayatirtha",
    "bg-anandgiri",
    "bg-sridhara",
    "bg-madhusudan"
   ]
  },
  "extraction_date": "2026-04-21",
  "score_methodology_documented_at": "Paper 1, Section II.B",
  "word_by_word_parser": "ByT5-Sanskrit-multitask (Nehrdich/Hellwig/Keutzer EMNLP 2024)",
  "post_generation_repairs": [
   {
    "date": "2026-05-03",
    "fix": "verb-lemma-misidentification (broader heuristic: prefix-√root canonical for all verb-tagged tokens)",
    "scope": "word_by_word[].lemma",
    "loci": [
     "yajante: yaj -> √yaj",
     "yajante: yaj -> √yaj"
    ]
   },
   {
    "kind": "qmark_artifact_repair",
    "applied_at": "2026-05-08T01:56:14.984383Z",
    "applied_by": "summon-web/scripts/repair_qmark_artifacts.py",
    "n_senses_repaired": 6,
    "substitution": "? -> ,",
    "root_cause": "ITRANS '\\,' (literal-comma escape) in sd_bgshankarabhashya.itx corrupted to '?' during upstream HTML pipeline at gitasupersite; propagated through h_c_panel/commentaries/bg_*.jsonl into substrate.",
    "verification_source": "sonos-paper/samvad_db/sources/sd_bgshankarabhashya.itx"
   }
  ]
 },
 "so_what_questions": [
  "If my sraddha is expressed through what I worship, what does my actual daily attention-allocation — time, money, thought — reveal about my gunic constitution?",
  "The verse places yaksha-rakshasa worship in the rajasic slot; what modern equivalents (status, financial power, competitive dominance) might function as rajasic upasana without being recognised as such?",
  "Sridhara's bidirectional inference says deity-preference and guna mutually index each other — if I wanted to shift my guna, should I change my practice, or will the practice change on its own as the guna shifts?",
  "Ramanuja insists that asastriya worship contrary to Bhagavan's teaching yields only anartha — how do we distinguish a valid non-mainstream practice from a genuinely harmful one?",
  "Madhusudana treats worship as a linga (diagnostic mark) by which sraddha is inferred — is there a difference between using worship diagnostically and using it judgementally about others?",
  "Madhva's ontological hierarchy places all devas as servants of Hari — does venerating, say, a local deity or ancestor spirit become spiritually valid if that being is understood as Hari's dependent?",
  "The verse covers the full spectrum from sattva to tamas without advocating any position — what is the pedagogical function of a purely descriptive verse in the middle of a chapter that will soon become prescriptive?"
 ],
 "everyday_applications": {
  "advaita": "Notice what consistently draws your full, uncoerced attention — the quality and character of that object is a more honest index of your gunic state than self-report. Use this diagnostic not as judgement but as orientation: the rare sattva-nistha is built, not assumed.",
  "visistadvaita": "Before committing to a practice, ask what quality of fruit it has produced in others over time — joy unmixed with sorrow, or joy with a hidden pain-surcharge. Let the fruit-quality be your sraddha-quality test, and redirect toward practices whose fruits are consistently upward.",
  "dvaita": "When you find yourself serving a person, institution, or cause, ask whether you are serving it as an end in itself or as a node in a larger order you acknowledge as sovereign. Hari-centred dvaita says: all legitimate service is upward-delegated, and confusing the node for the terminus creates binding.",
  "suddhAdvaita": "Vallabha's Bhagavata citation is a social mirror: the people you most naturally serve and emulate share your gunic wavelength. To enter Pustimarga is to consciously choose a different company (satsanga) — beings of a higher register — and let that new association do the transformative work.",
  "bhakti": "Use your natural worship-inclination as a compass rather than a verdict. If you notice you spend your deepest energy on objects of fear, power, or comfort rather than luminosity, that is Sridhara's diagnostic at work — data, not condemnation, pointing toward the next elevation.",
  "advaita-bhakti": "Madhusudana's linga-inference applies practically: audit your life not by stated values but by where energy actually flows without resistance. That spontaneous flow is your current sraddha signature. Once visible, it becomes workable — viveka (discrimination) can redirect it step by step toward Krsna."
 },
 "primary_meaning": "Those of sattva worship the gods; those of rajas worship yakshas and rakshasas; the tamas-bound worship spirits of the dead and troops of elemental beings."
}