{
 "verse_id": "11.32",
 "mūla": {
  "devanāgarī": "कालो ऽस्मि लोक-क्षय-कृत् प्रवृद्धो लोकान् समाहर्तुम् इह प्रवृत्तः | ऋते ऽपि त्वा न भविष्यन्ति सर्वे ये ऽवस्थिताः प्रत्यनीकेषु योधाः",
  "iast": "kālo 'smi loka-kṣaya-kṛt pravṛddho lokān samāhartum iha pravṛttaḥ | ṛte 'pi tvā na bhaviṣyanti sarve ye 'vasthitāḥ pratyanīkeṣu yodhāḥ",
  "chapter_position": "Chapter 11 (Viśvarūpa-Darśana-Yoga (The Yoga of the Vision of the Universal Form)), verse 32",
  "speaker": "Krishna",
  "addressed_to": "Arjuna"
 },
 "word_by_word": [
  {
   "surface_form": "kālaḥ",
   "lemma": "kāla",
   "grammar": "nominative masculine singular noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "कालः"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "asmi",
   "lemma": "√as",
   "grammar": "present indicative 1st person singular verb",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "अस्मि"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "loka",
   "lemma": "loka",
   "grammar": "compound (compound member)",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "लोक"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "kṣaya",
   "lemma": "kṣaya",
   "grammar": "compound (compound member)",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "क्षय"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "kṛt",
   "lemma": "kṛt",
   "grammar": "nominative masculine singular noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "कृत्"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "pravṛddhaḥ",
   "lemma": "pra-√vṛdh",
   "grammar": "nominative masculine singular participle noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "प्रवृद्धः"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "lokān",
   "lemma": "loka",
   "grammar": "accusative masculine plural noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": "समाहर्तुं संहर्तुम् इह अस्मिन् काले प्रवृत्तः",
     "school": "advaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "shankara"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "समाहर्तुम् आभिमुख्येन संहर्तुम् इह प्रवृत्तः अस्मि",
     "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "ramanuja"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "लोकान्"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "samāhartum",
   "lemma": "samāhṛ",
   "grammar": "infinitive",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": "आभिमुख्येन संहर्तुम् इह प्रवृत्तः अस्मि",
     "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "ramanuja",
      "vedantadeshika"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "समाहर्तुम्"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "iha",
   "lemma": "iha",
   "grammar": "",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "इह"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "pravṛttaḥ",
   "lemma": "pra-√vṛt",
   "grammar": "nominative masculine singular participle noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": "। ऋतेऽपि विनापि त्वा त्वां न भविष्यन्ति भीष्मद्रोणकर्णप्रभृतयः सर्वे, येभ्यः तव आशङ्का, ये अवस्थिताः प्रत्यनीकेषु अनीकमन",
     "school": "advaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "shankara"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "अस्मि। अतो मत्संकल्पाद् एव त्वाम् ऋते अपि त्वदुद्योगम् ऋतेऽपि एते धार्तराष्ट्रप्रमुखाः तव प्रत्यनीकेषु ये अवस्थिता योधा",
     "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "ramanuja"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "। भ्रात्रादींश्च ऋते इत्यपिशब्दः। प्रत्यनीकत्वं तु परस्परतया। सर्वेऽपि न भविष्यन्ति, अक्षौहिण्यादिभेदेन बहुवचनं युक्तम्।",
     "school": "dvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "madhva"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "प्रवृत्तः"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "ṛte",
   "lemma": "ṛte",
   "grammar": "",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "ऋते"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "api",
   "lemma": "api",
   "grammar": "",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "अपि"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "tvā",
   "lemma": "tvad",
   "grammar": "accusative singular noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": "त्वां न भविष्यन्ति भीष्मद्रोणकर्णप्रभृतयः सर्वे, येभ्यः तव आशङ्का, ये अवस्थिताः प्रत्यनीकेषु अनीकमनीकं प्रति प्रत्यनीके",
     "school": "advaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "shankara"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "इत्युच्यत इत्यत आह -- प्रत्यनीकत्वमिति",
     "school": "dvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "jayatirtha"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "त्वामर्जुनं योद्धारं विनापि त्वद्व्यापारं विनापि मद्व्यापारेणैव नभविष्यन्ति विनंक्ष्यन्ति",
     "school": "advaita-bhakti",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "madhusudan"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "त्वा"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "na",
   "lemma": "na",
   "grammar": "",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "न"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "bhaviṣyanti",
   "lemma": "√bhū",
   "grammar": "future indicative 3rd person plural verb",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": "भीष्मद्रोणकर्णप्रभृतयः सर्वे, येभ्यः तव आशङ्का, ये अवस्थिताः प्रत्यनीकेषु अनीकमनीकं प्रति प्रत्यनीकेषु प्रतिपक्षभूतेषु",
     "school": "advaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "shankara"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "विनङ्क्ष्यन्ति",
     "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "ramanuja",
      "vedantadeshika"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": ", अक्षौहिण्यादिभेदेन बहुवचनं युक्तम्",
     "school": "dvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "madhva"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "इति प्रत्युक्तम्",
     "school": "śuddhādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "vallabha"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "न जीविष्यन्ति",
     "school": "bhakti",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "sridhara"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "भविष्यन्ति"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "sarve",
   "lemma": "sarva",
   "grammar": "nominative masculine plural noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": ", येभ्यः तव आशङ्का, ये अवस्थिताः प्रत्यनीकेषु अनीकमनीकं प्रति प्रत्यनीकेषु प्रतिपक्षभूतेषु अनीकेषु योधाः योद्धारः",
     "school": "advaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "shankara"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "भीष्मद्रोणकर्णप्रभृतयो योद्धुमनर्हत्वेन संभाविता अन्येऽपि येऽवस्थिताः प्रत्यनीकेषु प्रतिपक्षसैन्येषु योधा योद्धारः सर्व",
     "school": "advaita-bhakti",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "madhusudan"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "सर्वे"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "ye",
   "lemma": "yad",
   "grammar": "nominative masculine plural noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "ये"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "avasthitāḥ",
   "lemma": "ava-√sthā",
   "grammar": "nominative masculine plural participle noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "अवस्थिताः"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "pratyanīkeṣu",
   "lemma": "pratyanīka",
   "grammar": "locative neuter plural noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": "अनीकमनीकं प्रति प्रत्यनीकेषु प्रतिपक्षभूतेषु अनीकेषु योधाः योद्धारः",
     "school": "advaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "shankara"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "ये अवस्थिता योधाः, ते सर्वे न भविष्यन्ति विनङ्क्ष्यन्ति",
     "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "ramanuja"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "अनीकान्यनीकानि प्रति भीष्मद्रोणादीनां सर्वासु सेनासु ये योद्धारोऽवस्थितास्ते सर्वेऽपि",
     "school": "bhakti",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "sridhara"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": "प्रतिपक्षसैन्येषु योधा योद्धारः सर्वेऽपि मया हतत्वादेव नभविष्यन्ति",
     "school": "advaita-bhakti",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "madhusudan"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "प्रत्यनीकेषु"
  },
  {
   "surface_form": "yodhāḥ",
   "lemma": "yodha",
   "grammar": "nominative masculine plural noun",
   "senses_attested_in_panel": [
    {
     "sense": "योद्धारः",
     "school": "advaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "shankara"
     ]
    },
    {
     "sense": ", ते सर्वे न भविष्यन्ति विनङ्क्ष्यन्ति",
     "school": "viśiṣṭādvaita",
     "weight": 0.8,
     "witnesses": [
      "ramanuja"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "theme_lists": [],
   "surface_devanagari": "योधाः"
  }
 ],
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 ],
 "doctrinal_projections": {
  "advaita": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "shankara_11.32",
    "anandgiri_11.32"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "divergence_note": "Śaṅkara keeps the emphasis squarely on cosmic necessity (niyati) and uses this to dissolve Arjuna's sense of doership — the jñāna thrust.",
   "english_rendering": "I am kāla (time as cosmic dissolution-principle), grown immense, the destroyer of worlds (loka-kṣaya-kṛt). I have set myself in motion here to gather in all beings — do not mistake this for contingent war. Even without you, Arjuna, not one of the warriors arrayed on the opposing sides will survive; my movement precedes and supersedes all human agency."
  },
  "viśiṣṭādvaita": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "ramanuja_11.32",
    "vedantadeshika_11.32"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "divergence_note": "Unlike Śaṅkara, Rāmānuja preserves Arjuna's agency as kainkarya (service) — he is an instrument of Bhagavān's purpose, not an illusory doer. The devotional framing makes the disclosure an act of grace, not mere cosmology.",
   "english_rendering": "I am kāla — the one who counts out (kalayati gaṇayati) the span of every being, reckoning the appointed end of the Dhārtarāṣṭra hosts. I have come forward, bearing the terrible form you behold, to gather these kings in. Even setting you aside, every warrior standing in those opposing formations will cease to be — for my resolve (mat-saṅkalpa) is already accomplished."
  },
  "dvaita": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "madhva_11.32",
    "jayatirtha_11.32"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "divergence_note": "Madhva's reading is the most polemically dense — the śabda-vicāra (word-analysis) dominates over narrative application. The independence of Hari from all causal conditioning, and the strict dependence of jīvas upon him, is the controlling concern.",
   "english_rendering": "I am Kāla — the name that carries every attribute of Bhagavān: binding (kala bandhane), cutting (kala cchedane), knowing (kala jñāne), and fulfilling desire (kāma-dhenu). I am not 'grown' in the sense of increase — I am ever-full (paripūrṇa), without beginning (anādi), for I neither increase nor diminish (na hīyate vardhate ca). I move to destroy these lords of the earth; without your intervention, each soldier standing against me will perish — for nothing in creation can bind what binds all."
  },
  "śuddhādvaita": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "vallabha_11.32"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "divergence_note": "The Puṣṭi-mārga reading pivots on prasāda and anugraha: survival is not earned by virtue or action but gifted by Kṛṣṇa's grace. The Saṅkarṣaṇa-vyūha identification is unique to this school in this verse.",
   "english_rendering": "I am that Kāla who has now manifested here — for I pervade existence fourfold: as akṣara (imperishable), as kāla (time), as karma (action), and as svabhāva (intrinsic nature). Recognize me in this form by the very signs of consuming (lelīhāna): I am the Saṅkarṣaṇa-vyūha, the aspect that draws all back. Those who bear the earth's burden — the demonic-possessed among these kings — I come now to remove. Even setting you aside, none of those I have already accepted into my dissolution will remain."
  },
  "bhakti": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "sridhara_11.32"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "divergence_note": "Śrīdhara is the most pastorally direct: his bhāṣya bridges the terrifying theophany and Arjuna's practical paralysis without heavy metaphysical apparatus. The devotional register is present but subordinate to straightforward exegesis.",
   "english_rendering": "I am kāla — the agent of the destruction of worlds, fully aroused and terrible (pravṛddha, atyugra). I am active here in this world to gather in all living beings. Therefore: even without you as the killer, they will not survive. Though you may hold back from slaying them, seized by me in my form as kāla they will die in any case — every warrior posted in every formation on the opposing side."
  },
  "advaita-bhakti": {
   "reading_summary": "(reading summary extraction pending; ENABLE_READING_SUMMARIES=true to generate)",
   "key_cross_references": [],
   "witness_passages": [
    "madhusudan_11.32"
   ],
   "score": 0.5,
   "divergence_note": "Madhusūdana holds both poles simultaneously: jñāna requires dissolving Arjuna's sense of agency (Advaita), while bhakti requires recognizing Kṛṣṇa's sovereign will as loving and purposeful. The synthesis is tighter here than in either Śaṅkara or Rāmānuja taken alone.",
   "english_rendering": "I am Kāla — Parameśvara himself, whose kriyā-śakti (power of action) upholds all existence, now fully awakened and moving (pravṛddha). I have come into this moment to consume Duryodhana and all his host — to devour them entirely (bhakṣayitum). You ask how this can be so without you? Even without Arjuna the warrior, even without your entire enterprise, my movement alone will annihilate them. Your action (tava vyāpāra) is, in the end, akiṃcit-kara — it contributes nothing decisive; these warriors are already slain by me."
  }
 },
 "prosodic_information": {
  "meter": "upajāti",
  "meter_shift_from_previous": true,
  "meter_shift_to_next": true,
  "pragmatic_context": {
   "vocative": "",
   "preceding_question": "",
   "following_response": ""
  }
 },
 "theme_list_memberships": [
  {
   "list": "सर्वे",
   "role": "supporting",
   "other_verses_in_list": [
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    "2.12",
    "2.46",
    "2.70",
    "4.19",
    "4.30",
    "4.36",
    "6.47",
    "8.7",
    "8.20",
    "8.27",
    "10.13",
    "11.22",
    "11.26",
    "11.36",
    "13.14",
    "13.27",
    "14.1",
    "18.21",
    "18.54"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "audit_trail": {
  "substrate_version": "v2.6-frozen",
  "fitted_weights": {
   "a": 1.0,
   "b": 0.01,
   "e_v": 0.005,
   "z": 0.2,
   "h": 0.0,
   "th": 0.01
  },
  "corpus_provenance": {
   "mūla": "Belvalkar critical edition (BORI 1947), via Ambuda multi-witness",
   "panel_witnesses": [
    "bg-mula",
    "bg-shankara",
    "bg-ramanuja",
    "bg-madhva",
    "bg-vedantadeshika",
    "bg-vallabha",
    "bg-jayatirtha",
    "bg-anandgiri",
    "bg-sridhara",
    "bg-madhusudan"
   ]
  },
  "extraction_date": "2026-04-21",
  "score_methodology_documented_at": "Paper 1, Section II.B",
  "word_by_word_parser": "ByT5-Sanskrit-multitask (Nehrdich/Hellwig/Keutzer EMNLP 2024)",
  "post_generation_repairs": [
   {
    "date": "2026-05-03",
    "fix": "verb-lemma-misidentification (broader heuristic: prefix-√root canonical for all verb-tagged tokens)",
    "scope": "word_by_word[].lemma",
    "loci": [
     "asmi: as -> √as",
     "pravṛddhaḥ: pravṛdh -> pra-√vṛdh",
     "pravṛttaḥ: pravṛt -> pra-√vṛt",
     "bhaviṣyanti: bhū -> √bhū",
     "avasthitāḥ: avasthā -> ava-√sthā"
    ]
   },
   {
    "kind": "qmark_artifact_repair",
    "applied_at": "2026-05-08T01:56:14.844096Z",
    "applied_by": "summon-web/scripts/repair_qmark_artifacts.py",
    "n_senses_repaired": 8,
    "substitution": "? -> ,",
    "root_cause": "ITRANS '\\,' (literal-comma escape) in sd_bgshankarabhashya.itx corrupted to '?' during upstream HTML pipeline at gitasupersite; propagated through h_c_panel/commentaries/bg_*.jsonl into substrate.",
    "verification_source": "sonos-paper/samvad_db/sources/sd_bgshankarabhashya.itx"
   }
  ]
 },
 "so_what_questions": [
  "If the outcome is already determined by kāla acting through divine will, what is the moral weight of Arjuna's personal choice to fight or not fight — and does that weight change depending on whether you read this through Advaita, Dvaita, or Viśiṣṭādvaita?",
  "Kṛṣṇa says 'even without you.' Does this disclosure liberate Arjuna from responsibility, or does it deepen his responsibility by showing that his hesitation is itself a cosmically staged moment?",
  "What is the difference between kāla as impersonal cosmic time and kāla as Bhagavān's personal will — and why does Madhva insist so forcefully that the name kāla cannot be separated from Hari's attributes?",
  "The Saṅkarṣaṇa-vyūha reading (Vallabha) treats this verse as a Pañcarātra disclosure, not merely a Mahābhārata battlefield speech. How does that liturgical framing change what Arjuna is being asked to receive?",
  "Madhusūdana calls Arjuna's action akiṃcit-kara ('productive of nothing'). Is this a counsel of despair, a liberation from anxiety, or a precise technical statement about causation in Advaita metaphysics?",
  "Every school agrees the warriors 'will not be' (na bhaviṣyanti). But they disagree on why. What does each school's answer to that why reveal about its deepest commitment — to non-duality, to loving sovereignty, to strict ontological hierarchy, to grace?"
 ],
 "everyday_applications": {
  "advaita": "When a project, relationship, or institution you have poured yourself into is ending, Advaita's reading of this verse invites you to ask: where exactly is 'you' in this dissolution? The ending was already in motion before you arrived and will complete whether you resist or not. The practice is not detachment-as-distance but the clear seeing (viveka) that the sense of 'I am the one losing this' is itself the contraction that causes the suffering — not the loss itself.",
  "viśiṣṭādvaita": "Rāmānuja's kāla 'counts out the span' of every person and institution. This verse becomes a resource for those who lead organizations through necessary closures — laying off staff, shutting a clinic, ending a school program. The Viśiṣṭādvaita reading says: your role as an instrument of Bhagavān's purposive will is real and matters, even though the outcome was already measured. Act with full care; your kainkarya (service) is not cancelled by the fact that the ending was coming.",
  "dvaita": "Madhva's emphasis on Hari as paripūrṇa-anādi (ever-full, without beginning) addresses the experience of chronic uncertainty — financial, medical, relational. The Dvaita application: when you are bound (kala bandhane) by circumstances you cannot cut, remember that the one who binds also cuts (kala cchedane) and knows (kala jñāne). The appropriate response is not stoic endurance but direct dependence (śaraṇāgati) on the one whose fullness is not diminished by your depletion.",
  "śuddhādvaita": "Vallabha's prasāda framing ('those outside Bhagavān's grace will not survive') applies to the question of why some people, relationships, or communities endure and others dissolve despite comparable effort. The Puṣṭi-mārga answer: survival and flourishing are not earned — they are gifts of anugraha. The practice this invites is not passivity but gratitude and surrender: ask to be among those Kṛṣṇa chooses to protect and sustain, rather than calculating what your effort will secure.",
  "bhakti": "Śrīdhara's plain reading — 'seized by me in my form as kāla, they will die in any case' — speaks to caregivers, physicians, and hospice workers who carry the weight of not having 'done enough.' This verse offers a reframe: the one you cared for was already in kāla's grasp before you arrived. Your presence, your effort, your love are real and valid — they are simply not the deciding factor in the timing of dissolution. Release the guilt without releasing the care.",
  "advaita-bhakti": "Madhusūdana's phrase tava vyāpāro 'kiṃcit-karaḥ ('your activity achieves nothing decisive') is at first terrifying, then freeing. For those caught in high-stakes work — executives, activists, parents of seriously ill children — this verse's synthesis says: Kṛṣṇa's sovereign will is the cause; you are the occasion, not the engine. This dissolves the compulsive over-functioning that burns people out while simultaneously calling them to act fully (like Arjuna, who still fights) from love rather than from the delusion that they are holding the world together."
 },
 "primary_meaning": "I am Time, the destroyer of worlds, fully aroused and set in motion to consume these armies. Without you, Arjuna, not one warrior arrayed against you will survive."
}